This article examines the sustainability of Turkmenistan’s largely unreformed social protection model, with a particular focus on the pension system. Considerable changes will have to be made to the pension system, in order to...

Some states have made progress on the road to ‘normality’; others seem barely to have started out.

Land and farm reforms have helped to raise rural household incomes. Limitations on these reforms have tended to limit these positive developments.

In order to adapt to climate change, Central Asia must adopt measures to reduce the wasteful use of water and energy, and encourage more sustainable agricultural activities.

Policy frameworks in Central Asian countries must increasingly integrate sustainable land management practices that are needed to underpin economic growth in rural areas.

The spatial variation of poverty rates in Central Asia shows lower levels of poverty in capital cities and central regions and much higher poverty levels in remote border areas.

The World Bank and other forecasters expect growth in Central Asia to be in the 7 percent range over the next years. But prospects for maintaining or exceeding these growth rates depend significantly on the extent of...